Levine and Edwards classification
Trauma and orthopaedics
Also known as: Levine-Edwards-Klassifikation (Hangman-Fraktur) · Levine-Edwards sınıflaması (hangman kırığı) · Levine and Edwards classification (traumatic spondylolisthesis of C2, hangman's fracture)
What it is for
Classifies bilateral fractures of the C2 pars interarticularis (hangman's fracture) by translation and angulation of C2 on C3, with the presumed mechanism.
Classification
| Category | Description |
|---|---|
| Type I | minimally displaced, translation 3 mm or less, no angulation; C2–C3 disc intact (hyperextension with axial load). |
| Type II | translation more than 3 mm with angulation (hyperextension-axial load followed by flexion). |
| Type IIA | marked angulation with little or no translation; often a more horizontal fracture line (flexion-distraction). |
| Type III | type II pattern plus dislocation of the C2–C3 facet joints (flexion-compression). |
Source
The management of traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis
J Bone Joint Surg Am 1985;67:217–226 (Levine AM, Edwards CC)
DOI: 10.2106/00004623-198567020-00007
PMID: 3968113
- Edition
- Levine & Edwards 1985 (modification of Effendi 1981)
- Checked on
Summary of the published classification in our own words. Not a substitute for the original publication.
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