Memantine: prescribing information – dosing, contraindications, interactions, side effects

Treatment of patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease.

Treatment should be initiated and supervised by a physician experienced in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s dementia.

Posology

Therapy should only be started if a caregiver is available who will regularly monitor the intake of the medicinal product by the patient. Diagnosis should be made according to current guidelines. The tolerance and dosing of memantine should be reassessed on a regular basis, preferably within three months after start of treatment. Thereafter, the clinical benefit of memantine and the patient’s tolerance of treatment should be reassessed on a regular basis according to current clinical guidelines.
Maintenance treatment can be continued for as long as a therapeutic benefit is favourable and the patient tolerates treatment with memantine. Discontinuation of memantine should be considered when evidence of a therapeutic effect is no longer present or if the patient does not tolerate treatment.

Axura 10 mg film-coated tablets

Adults
Dose titration
The maximum daily dose is 20 mg per day. In order to reduce the risk of undesirable effects the maintenance dose is achieved by upward titration of 5 mg per week over the first 3 weeks as follows:

Week 1 (day 1-7):
The patient should take half a 10 mg film-coated tablet (5 mg) per day for 7 days.

Week 2 (day 8-14):
The patient should take one 10 mg film-coated tablet (10 mg) per day for 7 days.

Week 3 (day 15-21):
The patient should take one and a half 10 mg film-coated tablet (15 mg) per day for 7 days.

From Week 4 on:
The patient should take two 10 mg film-coated tablets (20 mg) per day.

Maintenance dose
The recommended maintenance dose is 20 mg per day.

Elderly
On the basis of the clinical studies, the recommended dose for patients over the age of 65 years is 20 mg per day (two 10 mg tablets once a day) as described above.

Axura 5 mg+10 mg+15 mg+20 mg film-coated tablets

Adults
Dose titration
The recommended starting dose is 5 mg per day which is stepwise increased over the first 4 weeks of treatment reaching the recommended maintenance dose as follows:

Week 1 (day 1-7):
The patient should take one 5 mg film-coated tablet per day (white to off-white, oval shaped) for 7 days.

Week 2 (day 8-14):

The patient should take one 10 mg film-coated tablet per day (pale yellow to yellow, oval shaped) for 7 days.

Week 3 (day 15-21):
The patient should take one 15 mg film-coated tablet per day (orange, oval shaped) for 7 days.

Week 4 (day 22-28):
The patient should take one 20 mg film-coated tablet per day (pink, oval shaped) for 7 days.

Maintenance dose
The recommended maintenance dose is 20 mg per day.

Elderly
On the basis of the clinical studies, the recommended dose for patients over the age of 65 years is 20 mg per day (20 mg once a day) as described above.

Axura 20 mg film-coated tablets

Adults
Dose titration
The maximum daily dose is 20 mg per day. In order to reduce the risk of undesirable effects the maintenance dose is achieved by upward titration of 5 mg per week over the first 3 weeks as follows.
For up-titration other tablet strengths are available.

Week 1 (day 1-7):
The patient should take one 5 mg film-coated tablet per day for 7 days.

Week 2 (day 8-14):
The patient should take one 10 mg film-coated tablet per day for 7 days.

Week 3 (day 15-21):
The patient should take one 15 mg film-coated tablet per day for 7 days.

From Week 4 on:
The patient should take one 20 mg film-coated tablet per day.

Maintenance dose
The recommended maintenance dose is 20 mg per day.

Elderly
On the basis of the clinical studies, the recommended dose for patients over the age of 65 years is 20 mg per day as described above.

Renal impairment
In patients with mildly impaired renal function (creatinine clearance 50-80 ml/min) no dose adjustment is required. In patients with moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance 30-49 ml/min) daily dose should be 10 mg per day. If tolerated well after at least 7 days of treatment, the dose could be increased up to 20 mg/day according to standard titration scheme. In patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance 5-29 ml/min) daily dose should be 10 mg per day.

Hepatic impairment
In patients with mild or moderate hepatic impaired function (Child-Pugh A and Child-Pugh B) no dose adjustment is needed. No data on the use of memantine in patients with severe hepatic impairment are available. Administration of Axura is not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment.

Paediatric population

The safety and efficacy of Axura in children aged below 18 years has not been established.
No data are available.

Method of administration

Axura should be administered once a day and should be taken at the same time every day. The film-coated tablets can be taken with or without food.

Treatment should be initiated and supervised by a physician experienced in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s dementia.

Posology

Therapy should only be started if a caregiver is available who will regularly monitor the intake of the medicinal product by the patient. Diagnosis should be made according to current guidelines. The tolerance and dosing of memantine should be reassessed on a regular basis, preferably within three months after start of treatment. Thereafter, the clinical benefit of memantine and the patient’s tolerance of treatment should be reassessed on a regular basis according to current clinical guidelines.
Maintenance treatment can be continued for as long as a therapeutic benefit is favourable and the patient tolerates treatment with memantine. Discontinuation of memantine should be considered when evidence of a therapeutic effect is no longer present or if the patient does not tolerate treatment.

Adults
Dose titration
The maximum daily dose is 20 mg once daily. In order to reduce the risk of undesirable effects the maintenance dose is achieved by upward titration of 5 mg per week over the first 3 weeks as follows:

Week 1 (day 1-7):
The patient should take 0.5 ml solution (5 mg) equivalent to one pump actuation per day for 7 days.

Week 2 (day 8-14):
The patient should take 1 ml solution (10 mg) equivalent to two pump actuations per day for 7 days.

Week 3 (day 15-21):

The patient should take 1.5 ml solution (15 mg) equivalent to three pump actuations per day for 7 days.

From Week 4 on:
The patient should take 2 ml solution (20 mg) equivalent to four pump actuations once a day.

Maintenance dose
The recommended maintenance dose is 20 mg (2 ml solution, equivalent to four pump actuations) per day.

Elderly
On the basis of the clinical studies, the recommended dose for patients over the age of 65 years is 20 mg per day (2 ml solution, equivalent to four pump actuations) as described above.

Renal impairment
In patients with mildly impaired renal function (creatinine clearance 50-80 ml/min) no dose adjustment is required. In patients with moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance 30-49 ml/min) daily dose should be 10 mg (1 ml solution, equivalent to two pump actuations). If tolerated well after at least 7 days of treatment, the dose could be increased up to 20 mg/day according to standard titration scheme. In patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance 5-29 ml/min) daily dose should be 10 mg (1 ml solution, equivalent to two pump actuations) per day.

Hepatic impairment
In patients with mild or moderate hepatic impaired function (Child-Pugh A and Child-Pugh B) no dose adjustment is needed. No data on the use of memantine in patients with severe hepatic impairment are available. Administration of Axura in patients with severe hepatic impairment is not recommended.

Paediatric population
The safety and efficacy of Axura in children aged below 18 years has not been established.
No data are available.

Method of administration

Axura should be taken once daily at the same time each day. The solution can be taken with or without food. The solution must not be poured or pumped into the mouth directly from the bottle or the pump, but should be dosed onto a spoon or into a glass of water using the pump. For detailed instructions on the preparation and handling of the product see section 6.6.

Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.

Summary of the safety profile

In clinical trials in mild to severe dementia, involving 1,784 patients treated with Axura and 1,595 patients treated with placebo, the overall incidence rate of adverse reactions with Axura did not differ from those with placebo; the adverse reactions were usually mild to moderate in severity. The most frequently occurring adverse reactions with a higher incidence in the Axura group than in the placebo group were dizziness (6.3% vs 5.6%, respectively), headache (5.2% vs 3.9%), constipation (4.6% vs 2.6%), somnolence (3.4% vs 2.2%) and hypertension (4.1% vs 2.8%).

The following Adverse Reactions listed in the Table below have been accumulated in clinical studies with Axura and since its introduction in the market. Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

Adverse reactions are ranked according to system organ class, using the following convention: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000), very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

SYSTEM ORGAN CLASS
FREQUENCY
ADVERSE REACTION
Infections and infestations
Uncommon
Fungal infections

SYSTEM ORGAN CLASS
FREQUENCY
ADVERSE REACTION
Immune systeme disorders
Common
Drug hypersensitivity
Psychiatric disorders
Common
Somnolence

Uncommon
Confusion

Uncommon
Hallucinations1

Not known
Psychotic reactions2
Nervous system disorders
Common
Dizziness

Common
Balance disorder

Uncommon
Gait abnormal

Very rare
Seizures
Cardiac disorders
Uncommon
Cardiac failure
Vascular disorders
Common
Hypertension

Uncommon
Venous thrombosis/thromboembolism
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Common
Dyspnoea
Gastrointestinal disorders
Common
Constipation

Uncommon
Vomiting

Not known
Pancreatitis2
Hepatobiliary disorders
Common
Elevated liver function test

Not known
Hepatitis
General disorders and administration site conditions
Common
Headache

Uncommon
Fatigue
1 Hallucinations have mainly been observed in patients with severe Alzheimer´s disease.
2 Isolated cases reported in post-marketing experience.

Alzheimer’s disease has been associated with depression, suicidal ideation and suicide. In post- marketing experience these events have been reported in patients treated with Axura.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in Appendix V.

Summary of the safety profile

In clinical trials in mild to severe dementia, involving 1,784 patients treated with Axura and 1,595 patients treated with placebo, the overall incidence rate of adverse reactions with Axura did not differ from those with placebo; the adverse reactions were usually mild to moderate in severity. The most frequently occurring adverse reactions with a higher incidence in the Axura group than in the placebo group were dizziness (6.3% vs 5.6%, respectively), headache (5.2% vs 3.9%), constipation (4.6% vs 2.6%), somnolence (3.4% vs 2.2%) and hypertension (4.1% vs 2.8%).

The following Adverse Reactions listed in the Table below have been accumulated in clinical studies with Axura and since its introduction in the market. Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

Adverse reactions are ranked according to system organ class, using the following convention: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000), very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

SYSTEM ORGAN CLASS
FREQUENCY
ADVERSE REACTION
Infections and infestations
Uncommon
Fungal infections
Immune systeme disorders
Common
Drug hypersensitivity
Psychiatric disorders
Common
Somnolence

Uncommon
Confusion

Uncommon
Hallucinations1

Not known
Psychotic reactions2
Nervous system disorders
Common
Dizziness

Common
Balance disorder

Uncommon
Gait abnormal

Very rare
Seizures
Cardiac disorders
Uncommon
Cardiac failure
Vascular disorders
Common
Hypertension

Uncommon
Venous thrombosis/thromboembolism
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Common
Dyspnoea
Gastrointestinal disorders
Common
Constipation

Uncommon
Vomiting

Not known
Pancreatitis2
Hepatobiliary disorders
Common
Elevated liver function test

Not known
Hepatitis
General disorders and administration site conditions
Common
Headache

Uncommon
Fatigue
1 Hallucinations have mainly been observed in patients with severe Alzheimer´s disease.

2 Isolated cases reported in post-marketing experience.

Alzheimer’s disease has been associated with depression, suicidal ideation and suicide. In post- marketing experience these events have been reported in patients treated with Axura.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in Appendix V.

Caution is recommended in patients with epilepsy, former history of convulsions or patients with predisposing factors for epilepsy.

Concomitant use of N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA)-antagonists such as amantadine, ketamine or dextromethorphan should be avoided. These compounds act at the same receptor system as memantine, and therefore adverse reactions (mainly central nervous system (CNS)-related) may be more frequent or more pronounced (see also section 4.5).

Some factors that may raise urine pH (see section 5.2 “Elimination”) may necessitate careful monitoring of the patient. These factors include drastic changes in diet, e.g. from a carnivore to a vegetarian diet, or a massive ingestion of alkalising gastric buffers. Also, urine pH may be elevated by states of renal tubulary acidosis (RTA) or severe infections of the urinary tract with Proteus bacteria.

In most clinical trials, patients with recent myocardial infarction, uncompensated congestive heart failure (NYHA III-IV), or uncontrolled hypertension were excluded. As a consequence, only limited data are available and patients with these conditions should be closely supervised.

This medicine contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per tablet, that is to say essentially ‘sodium- free’.

Caution is recommended in patients with epilepsy, former history of convulsions or patients with predisposing factors for epilepsy.

Concomitant use of other N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-antagonists such as amantadine, ketamine or dextromethorphan should be avoided. These compounds act at the same receptor system as memantine, and therefore adverse reactions (mainly central nervous system (CNS)-related may be more frequent or more pronounced (see also section 4.5).

Some factors that may raise urine pH (see section 5.2 “Elimination”) may necessitate careful monitoring of the patient. These factors include drastic changes in diet, e.g. from a carnivore to a vegetarian diet, or a massive ingestion of alkalising gastric buffers. Also, urine pH may be elevated by states of renal tubulary acidosis (RTA) or severe infections of the urinary tract with Proteus bacteria.

In most clinical trials, patients with recent myocardial infarction, uncompensated congestive heart failure (NYHA III-IV), or uncontrolled hypertension were excluded. As a consequence, only limited data are available and patients with these conditions should be closely supervised.

Excipients: The oral solution contains sorbitol. Patients with hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) should not take this medicinal product.
Furthermore, this medicine contains potassium, less than 1 mmol (39 mg) per dose, i.e. essentially potassium-free.

Due to the pharmacological effects and the mechanism of action of memantine the following interactions may occur:

• The mode of action suggests that the effects of L-dopa, dopaminergic agonists, and anticholinergics may be enhanced by concomitant treatment with NMDA-antagonists such as memantine. The effects of barbiturates and neuroleptics may be reduced. Concomitant administration of memantine with the antispasmodic agents, dantrolene or baclofen, can modify their effects and a dose adjustment may be necessary.
• Concomitant use of memantine and amantadine should be avoided, owing to the risk of pharmacotoxic psychosis. Both compounds are chemically related NMDA-antagonists. The same may be true for ketamine and dextromethorphan (see also section 4.4). There is one published case report on a possible risk also for the combination of memantine and phenytoin.
• Other active substances such as cimetidine, ranitidine, procainamide, quinidine, quinine and nicotine that use the same renal cationic transport system as amantadine may also possibly interact with memantine leading to a potential risk of increased plasma levels.
• There may be a possibility of reduced serum level of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) when memantine is co-administered with HCT or any combination with HCT.
• In post-marketing experience isolated cases with international normalized ratio (INR) increases have been reported in patients concomitantly treated with warfarin. Although no causal relationship has been established, close monitoring of prothrombin time or INR is advisable for patients concomitantly treated with oral anticoagulants.

In single-dose pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in young healthy subjects no relevant active substance- active substance interaction of memantine with glyburide/metformin or donepezil was observed.

In a clinical study in young healthy subjects no relevant effect of memantine on the pharmacokinetics of galantamine was observed.

Memantine did not inhibit CYP 1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2D6, 2E1, 3A, flavin containing monooxygenase, epoxide hydrolase or sulphation in vitro.

Due to the pharmacological effects and the mechanism of action of memantine the following interactions may occur:

• The mode of action suggests that the effects of L-dopa, dopaminergic agonists, and anticholinergics may be enhanced by concomitant treatment with NMDA-antagonists such as memantine. The effects of barbiturates and neuroleptics may be reduced. Concomitant administration of memantine with the antispasmodic agents, dantrolene or baclofen, can modify their effects and a dose adjustment may be necessary.
• Concomitant use of memantine and amantadine should be avoided, owing to the risk of pharmacotoxic psychosis. Both compounds are chemically related NMDA-antagonists. The same may be true for ketamine and dextromethorphan (see also section 4.4). There is one published case report on a possible risk also for the combination of memantine and phenytoin.
• Other active substances such as cimetidine, ranitidine, procainamide, quinidine, quinine and nicotine that use the same renal cationic transport system as amantadine may also possibly interact with memantine leading to a potential risk of increased plasma levels.
• There may be a possibility of reduced serum level of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) when memantine is co-administered with HCT or any combination with HCT.
• In post-marketing experience isolated cases with international normalized ratio (INR) increases have been reported in patients concomitantly treated with warfarin. Although no causal relationship has been established, close monitoring of prothrombin time or INR is advisable for patients concomitantly treated with oral anticoagulants.

In single-dose pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in young healthy subjects no relevant active substance-active substance interaction of memantine with glyburide/metformin or donepezil was observed.

In a clinical study in young healthy subjects no relevant effect of memantine on the pharmacokinetics of galantamine was observed.

Memantine did not inhibit CYP 1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2D6, 2E1, 3A, flavin containing monooxygenase, epoxide hydrolase or sulphation in vitro.

Pregnancy

For memantine, no clinical data on exposed pregnancies are available. Animal studies indicate a potential for reducing intrauterine growth at exposure levels, which are identical or slightly higher than at human exposure (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown. Memantine should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether memantine is excreted in human breast milk but, taking into consideration the lipophilicity of the substance, this probably occurs. Women taking memantine should not breast-feed.

Fertility

No adverse effects of memantine were noted on non-clinical male and female fertility studies.

Moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease usually causes impairment of driving performance and compromises the ability to use machinery. Furthermore, Axura has minor to moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines such that outpatients should be warned to take special care.

Moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease usually causes impairment of driving performance and compromises the ability to use machinery. Furthermore, Axura has minor or moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines such that outpatients should be warned to take special care.

Only limited experience with overdose is available from clinical studies and post-marketing experience.

Symptoms

Relative large overdoses (200 mg and 105 mg/day for 3 days, respectively) have been associated with either only symptoms of tiredness, weakness and/or diarrhoea or no symptoms. In the overdose cases below 140 mg or unknown dose the patients revealed symptoms from central nervous system (confusion, drowsiness, somnolence, vertigo, agitation, aggression, hallucination, and gait disturbance) and/or gastrointestinal origin (vomiting and diarrhoea).

In the most extreme case of overdose, the patient survived the oral intake of a total of 2000 mg memantine with effects on the central nervous system (coma for 10 days, and later diplopia and agitation). The patient received symptomatic treatment and plasmapheresis. The patient recovered without permanent sequelae.

In another case of a large overdose, the patient also survived and recovered. The patient had received 400 mg memantine orally. The patient experienced central nervous system symptoms such as

restlessness, psychosis, visual hallucinations, proconvulsiveness, somnolence, stupor, and unconsciousness.

Treatment

In the event of overdose, treatment should be symptomatic. No specific antidote for intoxication or overdose is available. Standard clinical procedures to remove active substance material, e.g. gastric lavage, carbo medicinalis (interruption of potential entero-hepatic recirculation), acidification of urine, forced diuresis should be used as appropriate.

In case of signs and symptoms of general central nervous system (CNS) overstimulation, careful symptomatic clinical treatment should be considered.

5.
PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

Only limited experience with overdose is available from clinical studies and post-marketing experience.

Symptoms

Relative large overdoses (200 mg and 105 mg/day for 3 days, respectively) have been associated with either only symptoms of tiredness, weakness and/or diarrhoea or no symptoms. In the overdose cases below 140 mg or unknown dose the patients revealed symptoms from central nervous system (confusion, drowsiness, somnolence, vertigo, agitation, aggression, hallucination and gait disturbance) and/or gastrointestinal origin (vomiting and diarrhoea).

In the most extreme case of overdose, the patient survived the oral intake of a total of 2000 mg memantine with effects on the central nervous system (coma for 10 days, and later diplopia and agitation). The patient received symptomatic treatment and plasmapheresis. The patient recovered without permanent sequelae.

In another case of a large overdose, the patient also survived and recovered. The patient had received 400 mg memantine orally. The patient experienced central nervous system symptoms such as restlessness, psychosis, visual hallucinations, proconvulsiveness, somnolence, stupor, and unconsciousness.

Treatment

In the event of overdose, treatment should be symptomatic. No specific antidote for intoxication or overdose is available. Standard clinical procedures to remove active substance material, e.g. gastric lavage, carbo medicinalis (interruption of potential entero-hepatic recirculation), acidification of urine, forced diuresis should be used as appropriate.

In case of signs and symptoms of general central nervous system (CNS) overstimulation, careful symptomatic clinical treatment should be considered.

5.
PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Other Anti-dementia drugs, ATC code: N06DX01.

There is increasing evidence that malfunctioning of glutamatergic neurotransmission, in particular at NMDA-receptors, contributes to both expression of symptoms and disease progression in neurodegenerative dementia.

Memantine is a voltage-dependent, moderate-affinity uncompetitive NMDA-receptor antagonist. It modulates the effects of pathologically elevated tonic levels of glutamate that may lead to neuronal dysfunction.

Clinical studies

A pivotal monotherapy study in a population of patients suffering from moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease (mini mental state examination (MMSE) total scores at baseline of 3 - 14) included a total of 252 outpatients. The study showed beneficial effects of memantine treatment in comparison to placebo at 6 months (observed cases analysis for the clinician`s interview based impression of change (CIBIC-plus): p=0.025; Alzheimer`s disease cooperative study – activities of daily living (ADCS-ADLsev): p=0.003; severe impairment battery (SIB): p=0.002).

A pivotal monotherapy study of memantine in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (MMSE total scores at baseline of 10 to 22) included 403 patients. Memantine-treated patients showed a statistically significantly better effect than placebo-treated patients on the primary endpoints:
Alzheimer´s disease assessment scale (ADAS-cog) (p=0.003) and CIBIC-plus (p=0.004) at week 24 last observation carried forward (LOCF). In another monotherapy study in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease a total of 470 patients (MMSE total scores at baseline of 11-23) were randomised.
In the prospectively defined primary analysis statistical significance was not reached at the primary efficacy endpoint at week 24.

A meta-analysis of patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease (MMSE total scores < 20) from the six phase III, placebo-controlled, 6-month studies (including monotherapy studies and studies with patients on a stable dose of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) showed that there was a statistically significant effect in favour of memantine treatment for the cognitive, global, and functional domains.
When patients were identified with concurrent worsening in all three domains, results showed a statistically significant effect of memantine in preventing worsening, as twice as many placebo-treated patients as memantine-treated patients showed worsening in all three domains (21% vs. 11%, p<0.0001).

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Other Anti-dementia drugs, ATC code: N06DX01.

There is increasing evidence that malfunctioning of glutamatergic neurotransmission, in particular at NMDA-receptors, contributes to both expression of symptoms and disease progression in neurodegenerative dementia.

Memantine is a voltage-dependent, moderate-affinity uncompetitive NMDA-receptor antagonist. It modulates the effects of pathologically elevated tonic levels of glutamate that may lead to neuronal dysfunction.

Clinical studies

A pivotal monotherapy study in a population of patients suffering from moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease (mini mental state examination (MMSE) total scores at baseline of 3-14) included a total of 252 outpatients. The study showed beneficial effects of memantine treatment in comparison to placebo at 6 months (observed cases analysis for the clinician´s interview based impression of change (CIBIC-plus): p=0.025; Alzheimer´s disease cooperative study – activities of daily living (ADCS-ADLsev): p=0.003; severe impairment battery (SIB): p=0.002).

A pivotal monotherapy study of memantine in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (MMSE total scores at baseline of 10 to 22) included 403 patients. Memantine-treated patients showed a statistically significantly better effect than placebo-treated patients on the primary endpoints:
Alzheimer´s disease assessment scale (ADAS-cog) (p=0.003) and CIBIC-plus (p=0.004) at week 24 last observation carried forward (LOCF). In another monotherapy study in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease a total of 470 patients (MMSE total scores at baseline of 11-23) were randomised.
In the prospectively defined primary analysis statistical significance was not reached at the primary efficacy endpoint at week 24.

A meta-analysis of patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease (MMSE total scores < 20) from the six phase III, placebo-controlled, 6-month studies (including monotherapy studies and studies with patients on a stable dose of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) showed that there was a statistically significant effect in favour of memantine treatment for the cognitive, global, and functional domains.
When patients were identified with concurrent worsening in all three domains, results showed a statistically significant effect of memantine in preventing worsening, as twice as many placebo-treated patients as memantine-treated patients showed worsening in all three domains (21% vs. 11%, p<0.0001).

Absorption

Memantine has an absolute bioavailability of approximately 100%. tmax is between 3 and 8 hours.
There is no indication that food influences the absorption of memantine.

Distribution

Daily doses of 20 mg lead to steady-state plasma concentrations of memantine ranging from 70 to 150 ng/ml (0.5-1 µmol) with large interindividual variations. When daily doses of 5 to 30 mg were administered, a mean cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/serum ratio of 0.52 was calculated. The volume of distribution is around 10 l/kg. About 45% of memantine is bound to plasma-proteins.

Biotransformation

In man, about 80% of the circulating memantine-related material is present as the parent compound.
Main human metabolites are N-3,5-dimethyl-gludantan, the isomeric mixture of 4- and 6-hydroxy-memantine, and 1-nitroso-3,5-dimethyl-adamantane. None of these metabolites exhibit NMDA-antagonistic activity. No cytochrome P 450 catalysed metabolism has been detected in vitro.

In a study using orally administered 14C-memantine, a mean of 84% of the dose was recovered within 20 days, more than 99% being excreted renally.

Elimination

Memantine is eliminated in a monoexponential manner with a terminal t½ of 60 to 100 hours. In volunteers with normal kidney function, total clearance (Cltot) amounts to 170 ml/min/1.73 m² and part of total renal clearance is achieved by tubular secretion.

Renal handling also involves tubular reabsorption, probably mediated by cation transport proteins. The renal elimination rate of memantine under alkaline urine conditions may be reduced by a factor of 7 to 9 (see section 4.4). Alkalisation of urine may result from drastic changes in diet, e.g. from a carnivore to a vegetarian diet, or from the massive ingestion of alkalising gastric buffers.

Linearity

Studies in volunteers have demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics in the dose range of 10 to 40 mg.

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship

Treatment of adult patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease.

Treatment should be initiated and supervised by a physician experienced in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s dementia.

Posology

Therapy should only be started if a caregiver is available who will regularly monitor the intake of the medicinal product by the patient. Diagnosis should be made according to current guidelines. The tolerance and dosing of memantine should be reassessed on a regular basis, preferably within three months after start of treatment. Thereafter, the clinical benefit of memantine and the patient’s tolerance of treatment should be reassessed on a regular basis according to current clinical guidelines.
Maintenance treatment can be continued for as long as a therapeutic benefit is favourable and the patient tolerates treatment with memantine. Discontinuation of memantine should be considered when evidence of a therapeutic effect is no longer present or if the patient does not tolerate treatment.

Adults:

Dose titration
The maximum daily dose is 20 mg per day. In order to reduce the risk of undesirable effects, the maintenance dose is achieved by upward titration of 5 mg per week over the first 3 weeks as follows:

Week 1 (day 1-7)
The patient should take half a 10 mg film-coated tablet (5 mg) per day for 7 days.

Week 2 (day 8-14)
The patient should take one 10 mg film-coated tablet (10 mg) per day for 7 days.

Week 3 (day 15-21):
The patient should take one and a half 10 mg film-coated tablets (15 mg) per day for 7 days.

From Week 4 on:
The patient should take two 10 mg film-coated tablets (20 mg) or one 20 mg film-coated tablet per day.

Maintenance dose
The recommended maintenance dose is 20 mg per day.

Elderly
On the basis of the clinical studies, the recommended dose for patients over the age of 65 years is 20 mg per day (two 10 mg film-coated tablets or one 20 mg film-coated tablet once a day) as described above.

Renal impairment
In patients with mildly impaired renal function (creatinine clearance 50 – 80 ml/min) no dose adjustment is required. In patients with moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance 30 – 49 ml/min) daily dose should be 10 mg per day. If tolerated well after at least 7 days of treatment, the dose could be increased up to 20 mg/day according to standard titration scheme. In patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance 5 – 29 ml/min) daily dose should be 10 mg per day.

Hepatic impairment
In patients with mild or moderate hepatic impaired function (Child-Pugh A and Child-Pugh B), no dose adjustment is needed. No data on the use of memantine in patients with severe hepatic impairment are available. Administration of Ebixa is not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment.

Paediatric population
No data available.

Method of administration

Ebixa should be administered orally once a day and should be taken at the same time every day. The film-coated tablets can be taken with or without food.

Treatment should be initiated and supervised by a physician experienced in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s dementia.

Posology

Therapy should only be started if a caregiver is available who will regularly monitor the intake of the medicinal product by the patient. Diagnosis should be made according to current guidelines. The tolerance and dosing of memantine should be reassessed on a regular basis, preferably within three months after start of treatment. Thereafter, the clinical benefit of memantine and the patient’s tolerance of treatment should be reassessed on a regular basis according to current clinical guidelines.
Maintenance treatment can be continued for as long as a therapeutic benefit is favourable and the patient tolerates treatment with memantine. Discontinuation of memantine should be considered when evidence of a therapeutic effect is no longer present or if the patient does not tolerate treatment.

Adults

Dose titration
The maximum daily dose is 20 mg once daily. In order to reduce the risk of undesirable effects, the maintenance dose is achieved by upward titration of 5 mg per week over the first 3 weeks as follows:

Week 1 (day 1-7)
The patient should take 0.5 ml solution (5 mg) equivalent to one pump actuation per day for 7 days.

Week 2 (day 8-14)
The patient should take 1 ml solution (10 mg) equivalent to two pump actuations per day for 7 days.

Week 3 (day 15-21)
The patient should take 1.5 ml solution (15 mg) equivalent to three pump actuations per day for 7 days.

From Week 4 on
The patient should take 2 ml solution (20 mg) equivalent to four pump actuations once a day.

Maintenance dose
The recommended maintenance dose is 20 mg per day.

Elderly
On the basis of the clinical studies, the recommended dose for patients over the age of 65 years is 20 mg per day (2 ml solution, equivalent to four pump actuations) as described above.

Renal impairment
In patients with mildly impaired renal function (creatinine clearance 50 – 80 ml/min) no dose adjustment is required. In patients with moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance 30 – 49 ml/min) daily dose should be 10 mg (1 ml solution, equivalent to two pump actuations). If tolerated well after at least 7 days of treatment, the dose could be increased up to 20 mg/day according to standard titration scheme. In patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance 5 – 29 ml/min) daily dose should be 10 mg (1 ml solution, equivalent to two pump actuations) per day.

Hepatic impairment
In patients with mild or moderate hepatic impaired function (Child-Pugh A and Child-Pugh B), no dose adjustment is needed. No data on the use of memantine in patients with severe hepatic impairment are available. Administration of Ebixa is not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment.

Paediatric population
No data are available.

Method of administration

Ebixa should be taken orally once daily at the same time each day. The solution can be taken with or without food. The solution must not be poured or pumped into the mouth directly from the bottle or the pump, but should be dosed onto a spoon or into a glass of water using the pump.

For detailed instructions on the preparation and handling of the product see section 6.6.

Treatment should be initiated and supervised by a physician experienced in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s dementia.

Posology
Therapy should only be started if a caregiver is available who will regularly monitor the intake of the medicinal product by the patient. Diagnosis should be made according to current guidelines. The tolerance and dosing of memantine should be reassessed on a regular basis, preferably within three months after start of treatment. Thereafter, the clinical benefit of memantine and the patient’s tolerance of treatment should be reassessed on a regular basis according to current clinical guidelines.
Maintenance treatment can be continued for as long as a therapeutic benefit is favourable and the patient tolerates treatment with memantine. Discontinuation of memantine should be considered when evidence of a therapeutic effect is no longer present or if the patient does not tolerate treatment.

Adults

Dose titration
The recommended starting dose is 5 mg per day which is stepwise increased over the first 4 weeks of treatment reaching the recommended maintenance dose as follows:

Week 1 (day 1-7)
The patient should take one 5 mg film-coated tablet per day (white to off-white, oval-oblong) for 7 days.

Week 2 (day 8-14)
The patient should take one 10 mg film-coated tablet per day (pale yellow to yellow, oval shaped) for 7 days.

Week 3 (day 15-21)
The patient should take one 15 mg film-coated tablet per day (grey-orange, oval-oblong) for 7 days.

Week 4 (day 22-28)
The patient should take one 20 mg film-coated tablet per day (grey-red, oval-oblong) for 7 days.

The maximum daily dose is 20 mg per day.

Maintenance dose
The recommended maintenance dose is 20 mg per day.

Elderly
On the basis of the clinical studies, the recommended dose for patients over the age of 65 years is 20 mg per day (20 mg once a day) as described above.

Renal impairment
In patients with mildly impaired renal function (creatinine clearance 50 – 80 ml/min) no dose adjustment is required. In patients with moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance 30 – 49 ml/min) daily dose should be 10 mg per day. If tolerated well after at least 7 days of treatment, the dose could be increased up to 20 mg/day according to standard titration scheme. In patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance 5 – 29 ml/min) daily dose should be 10 mg per day.

Hepatic impairment
In patients with mild or moderate hepatic impaired function (Child-Pugh A and Child-Pugh B), no dose adjustment is needed. No data on the use of memantine in patients with severe hepatic impairment are available. Administration of Ebixa is not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment.

Paediatric population
No data are available.

Method of administration

Ebixa should be administered orally once a day and should be taken at the same time every day. The film-coated tablets can be taken with or without food.

Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.

Summary of the safety profile
In clinical trials in mild to severe dementia, involving 1,784 patients treated with Ebixa and 1,595 patients treated with placebo, the overall incidence rate of adverse reactions with Ebixa did not differ from those with placebo; the adverse reactions were usually mild to moderate in severity. The most frequently occurring adverse reactions with a higher incidence in the Ebixa group than in the placebo group were dizziness (6.3% vs 5.6%, respectively), headache (5.2% vs 3.9%), constipation (4.6% vs 2.6%), somnolence (3.4% vs 2.2%) and hypertension (4.1% vs 2.8%).

Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The following Adverse Reactions listed in the Table below have been accumulated in clinical studies with Ebixa and since its introduction in the market.

Adverse reactions are ranked according to system organ class, using the following convention: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100), rare (≥1/10,000 to < 1/1,000), very rare (< 1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

SYSTEM ORGAN CLASS
FREQUENCY
ADVERSE REACTION
Infections and infestations
Uncommon
Fungal infections
Immune system disorders
Common
Drug hypersensitivity
Psychiatric disorders
Common
Somnolence

Uncommon
Confusion

Uncommon
Hallucinations1

Not known
Psychotic reactions2
Nervous system disorders
Common
Dizziness

Common
Balance disorders

Uncommon
Gait abnormal

Very rare
Seizures
Cardiac disorders
Uncommon
Cardiac failure
Vascular disorders
Common
Hypertension

Uncommon
Venous thrombosis/thromboembolism
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Common
Dyspnoea
Gastrointestinal disorders
Common
Constipation

Uncommon
Vomiting

Not known
Pancreatitis2
Hepatobiliary disorders
Common
Elevated liver function test
Not known
Hepatitis
General disorders and administration site conditions
Common
Headache

Uncommon
Fatigue
1 Hallucinations have mainly been observed in patients with severe Alzheimer’s disease.
2 Isolated cases reported in post-marketing experience.

Alzheimer’s disease has been associated with depression, suicidal ideation and suicide. In post- marketing experience these reactions have been reported in patients treated with Ebixa.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product.
Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in Appendix V

Summary of the safety profile
In clinical trials in mild to severe dementia, involving 1,784 patients treated with Ebixa and 1,595 patients treated with placebo, the overall incidence rate of adverse reactions with Ebixa did not differ from those with placebo; the adverse reactions were usually mild to moderate in severity. The most frequently occurring adverse reactions with a higher incidence in the Ebixa group than in the placebo group were dizziness (6.3% vs 5.6%, respectively), headache (5.2% vs 3.9%), constipation (4.6% vs 2.6%), somnolence (3.4% vs 2.2%) and hypertension (4.1% vs 2.8%).

Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The following Adverse Reactions listed in the Table below have been accumulated in clinical studies with Ebixa and since its introduction in the market.

Adverse reactions are ranked according to system organ class, using the following convention: very common (≥ 1/10), common (≥1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100), rare (≥1/10,000 to < 1/1,000), very rare (< 1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

SYSTEM ORGAN CLASS
FREQUENCY
ADVERSE REACTION
Infections and infestations
Uncommon
Fungal infections
Immune system disorders
Common
Drug hypersensitivity
Psychiatric disorders
Common
Somnolence

Uncommon
Confusion

Uncommon
Hallucinations1

Not known
Psychotic reactions2
Nervous system disorders
Common
Dizziness

Common
Balance disorders

Uncommon
Gait abnormal

Very rare
Seizures
Cardiac disorders
Uncommon
Cardiac failure
Vascular disorders
Common
Hypertension

Uncommon
Venous thrombosis/thromboembolism
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Common
Dyspnoea
Gastrointestinal disorders
Common
Constipation

Uncommon
Vomiting

Not known
Pancreatitis2
Hepatobiliary disorders
Common
Elevated liver function test
Not known
Hepatitis
General disorders and administration site conditions
Common
Headache

Uncommon
Fatigue
1 Hallucinations have mainly been observed in patients with severe Alzheimer’s disease.
2 Isolated cases reported in post-marketing experience.

Alzheimer’s disease has been associated with depression, suicidal ideation and suicide. In post- marketing experience these reactions have been reported in patients treated with Ebixa.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product.
Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in Appendix V

Summary of the safety profile
In clinical trials in mild to severe dementia, involving 1,784 patients treated with Ebixa and 1,595 patients treated with placebo, the overall incidence rate of adverse reactions with Ebixa did not differ from those with placebo; the adverse reactions were usually mild to moderate in severity. The most frequently occurring adverse reactions with a higher incidence in the Ebixa group than in the placebo group were dizziness (6.3% vs 5.6%, respectively), headache (5.2% vs 3.9%), constipation (4.6% vs 2.6%), somnolence (3.4% vs 2.2%) and hypertension (4.1% vs 2.8%).

Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The following Adverse Reactions listed in the Table below have been accumulated in clinical studies with Ebixa and since its introduction in the market.
Adverse reactions are ranked according to system organ class, using the following convention: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100), rare (≥1/10,000 to < 1/1,000), very rare (< 1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

SYSTEM ORGAN CLASS
FREQUENCY
ADVERSE REACTION
Infections and infestations
Uncommon
Fungal infections
Immune system disorders
Common
Drug hypersensitivity
Psychiatric disorders
Common
Somnolence

Uncommon
Confusion

Uncommon
Hallucinations1

Not known
Psychotic reactions2
Nervous system disorders
Common
Dizziness

Common
Balance disorders

Uncommon
Gait abnormal

Very rare
Seizures
Cardiac disorders
Uncommon
Cardiac failure
Vascular disorders
Common
Hypertension

Uncommon
Venous thrombosis/thromboembolism
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Common
Dyspnoea
Gastrointestinal disorders
Common
Constipation

Uncommon
Vomiting

Not known
Pancreatitis2
Hepatobiliary disorders
Common
Elevated liver function test
Not known
Hepatitis
General disorders and administration site conditions
Common
Headache

Uncommon
Fatigue
1 Hallucinations have mainly been observed in patients with severe Alzheimer’s disease.
2 Isolated cases reported in post-marketing experience.

Alzheimer’s disease has been associated with depression, suicidal ideation and suicide. In post- marketing experience these reactions have been reported in patients treated with Ebixa.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product.
Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in Appendix V.

Caution is recommended in patients with epilepsy, former history of convulsions or patients with predisposing factors for epilepsy.

Concomitant use of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-antagonists such as amantadine, ketamine or dextromethorphan should be avoided. These compounds act at the same receptor system as memantine, and therefore adverse reactions (mainly central nervous system (CNS)-related) may be more frequent or more pronounced (see also section 4.5).

Some factors that may raise urine pH (see section 5.2 “Elimination”) may necessitate careful monitoring of the patient. These factors include drastic changes in diet, e.g. from a carnivore to a vegetarian diet, or a massive ingestion of alkalising gastric buffers. Also, urine pH may be elevated by states of renal tubulary acidosis (RTA) or severe infections of the urinary tract with Proteus bacteria.

In most clinical trials, patients with recent myocardial infarction, uncompensated congestive heart failure (NYHA III-IV), or uncontrolled hypertension were excluded. As a consequence, only limited data are available and patients with these conditions should be closely supervised.

Ebixa contains Sodium

This medicine contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per tablet, that is to say essentially ‘sodium- free’.

Caution is recommended in patients with epilepsy, former history of convulsions or patients with predisposing factors for epilepsy.

Concomitant use of other N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-antagonists such as amantadine, ketamine or dextromethorphan should be avoided. These compounds act at the same receptor system as memantine, and therefore adverse reactions (mainly central nervous system (CNS)-related) may be more frequent or more pronounced (see also section 4.5).

Some factors that may raise urine pH (see section 5.2 “Elimination”) may necessitate careful monitoring of the patient. These factors include drastic changes in diet, e.g. from a carnivore to a vegetarian diet, or a massive ingestion of alkalising gastric buffers. Also, urine pH may be elevated by states of renal tubulary acidosis (RTA) or severe infections of the urinary tract with Proteus bacteria.

In most clinical trials, patients with recent myocardial infarction, uncompensated congestive heart failure (NYHA III-IV), or uncontrolled hypertension were excluded. As a consequence, only limited data are available and patients with these conditions should be closely supervised.

Ebixa contains Sorbitol and Potassium

This medicine contains 100 mg sorbitol in each gram which is equivalent to 200 mg /4 pump actuation. Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance should not take this medicine.

Furthermore, this medicine contains potassium, less than 1 mmol (39 mg) per dose, i.e. essentially potassium-free.

Due to the pharmacological effects and the mechanism of action of memantine the following interactions may occur:

• The mode of action suggests that the effects of L-dopa, dopaminergic agonists, and anticholinergics may be enhanced by concomitant treatment with NMDA-antagonists such as memantine. The effects of barbiturates and neuroleptics may be reduced. Concomitant administration of memantine with the antispasmodic agents, dantrolene or baclofen, can modify their effects and a dose adjustment may be necessary.
• Concomitant use of memantine and amantadine should be avoided, owing to the risk of pharmacotoxic psychosis. Both compounds are chemically related NMDA-antagonists. The same may be true for ketamine and dextromethorphan (see also section 4.4). There is one published case report on a possible risk also for the combination of memantine and phenytoin.
• Other active substances such as cimetidine, ranitidine, procainamide, quinidine, quinine and nicotine that use the same renal cationic transport system as amantadine may also possibly interact with memantine leading to a potential risk of increased plasma levels.
• There may be a possibility of reduced serum level of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) when memantine is co-administered with HCT or any combination with HCT.
• In post-marketing experience, isolated cases with international normalized ratio (INR) increases have been reported in patients concomitantly treated with warfarin. Although no causal relationship has been established, close monitoring of prothrombin time or INR is advisable for patients concomitantly treated with oral anticoagulants.

In single-dose pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in young healthy subjects, no relevant active substance- active substance interaction of memantine with glyburide/metformin or donepezil was observed.

In a clinical study in young healthy subjects, no relevant effect of memantine on the pharmacokinetics of galantamine was observed.

Memantine did not inhibit CYP 1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2D6, 2E1, 3A, flavin containing monooxygenase, epoxide hydrolase or sulphation in vitro.

Pregnancy
There are no or limited amount of data from the use of memantine in pregnant women. Animal studies indicate a potential for reducing intrauterine growth at exposure levels, which are identical or slightly higher than at human exposure (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown.
Memantine should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether memantine is excreted in human breast milk but, taking into consideration the lipophilicity of the substance, this probably occurs. Women taking memantine should not breast-feed.

Fertility
No adverse reactions of memantine were noted on male and female fertility.

Moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease usually causes impairment of driving performance and compromises the ability to use machinery. Furthermore, Ebixa has minor to moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines such that outpatients should be warned to take special care.

Moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease usually causes impairment of driving performance and compromises the ability to use machinery. Furthermore, Ebixa has minor or moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines such that outpatients should be warned to take special care.

Only limited experience with overdose is available from clinical studies and post-marketing experience.

Symptoms
Relative large overdoses (200 mg and 105 mg/day for 3 days, respectively) have been associated with either only symptoms of tiredness, weakness and/or diarrhoea or no symptoms. In the overdose cases below 140 mg or unknown dose the patients revealed symptoms from central nervous system (confusion, drowsiness, somnolence, vertigo, agitation, aggression, hallucination, and gait disturbance) and/or of gastrointestinal origin (vomiting and diarrhoea).

In the most extreme case of overdose, the patient survived the oral intake of a total of 2000 mg memantine with effects on the central nervous system (coma for 10 days, and later diplopia and agitation). The patient received symptomatic treatment and plasmapheresis. The patient recovered without permanent sequelae.

In another case of a large overdose, the patient also survived and recovered. The patient had received 400 mg memantine orally. The patient experienced central nervous system symptoms such as restlessness, psychosis, visual hallucinations, proconvulsiveness, somnolence, stupor, and unconsciousness.

Treatment
In the event of overdose, treatment should be symptomatic. No specific antidote for intoxication or overdose is available. Standard clinical procedures to remove active substance material, e.g. gastric lavage, carbo medicinalis (interruption of potential entero-hepatic recirculation), acidification of urine, forced diuresis should be used as appropriate.

In case of signs and symptoms of general central nervous system (CNS) overstimulation, careful symptomatic clinical treatment should be considered.

5.
PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

Only limited experience with overdose is available from clinical studies and post-marketing experience.

Symptoms
Relative large overdoses (200 mg and 105 mg/day for 3 days, respectively) have been associated with either only symptoms of tiredness, weakness and/or diarrhoea or no symptoms. In the overdose cases below 140 mg or unknown dose the patients revealed symptoms from central nervous system (confusion, drowsiness, somnolence, vertigo, agitation, aggression, hallucination and gait disturbance) and/or of gastrointestinal origin (vomiting and diarrhoea).

In the most extreme case of overdose, the patient survived the oral intake of a total of 2000 mg memantine with effects on the central nervous system (coma for 10 days, and later diplopia and agitation). The patient received symptomatic treatment and plasmapheresis. The patient recovered without permanent sequelae.

In another case of a large overdose, the patient also survived and recovered. The patient had received 400 mg memantine orally. The patient experienced central nervous system symptoms such as restlessness, psychosis, visual hallucinations, proconvulsiveness, somnolence, stupor, and unconsciousness.

Treatment
In the event of overdose, treatment should be symptomatic. No specific antidote for intoxication or overdose is available. Standard clinical procedures to remove active substance material, e.g. gastric lavage, carbo medicinalis (interruption of potential entero-hepatic recirculation), acidification of urine, forced diuresis should be used as appropriate.

In case of signs and symptoms of general central nervous system (CNS) overstimulation, careful symptomatic clinical treatment should be considered.

5.
PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Psychoanaleptics. Other Anti-dementia drugs, ATC code: N06DX01.

There is increasing evidence that malfunctioning of glutamatergic neurotransmission, in particular at NMDA-receptors, contributes to both expression of symptoms and disease progression in neurodegenerative dementia.

Memantine is a voltage-dependent, moderate-affinity uncompetitive NMDA-receptor antagonist. It modulates the effects of pathologically elevated tonic levels of glutamate that may lead to neuronal dysfunction.

Clinical studies
A pivotal monotherapy study in a population of patients suffering from moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease (mini mental state examination (MMSE) total scores at baseline of 3 - 14) included a total of 252 outpatients. The study showed beneficial effects of memantine treatment in comparison to placebo at 6 months (observed cases analysis for the clinician´s interview based impression of change (CIBIC-plus): p=0.025; Alzheimer’s disease cooperative study – activities of daily living (ADCS-ADLsev): p=0.003; severe impairment battery (SIB): p=0.002).

A pivotal monotherapy study of memantine in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (MMSE total scores at baseline of 10 to 22) included 403 patients. Memantine-treated patients showed a statistically significantly better effect than placebo-treated patients on the primary endpoints:

Alzheimer’s disease assessment scale (ADAS-cog) (p=0.003) and CIBIC-plus (p=0.004) at week 24 (last observation carried forward (LOCF)). In another monotherapy study in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease a total of 470 patients (MMSE total scores at baseline of 11-23) were randomised.
In the prospectively defined primary analysis statistical significance was not reached at the primary efficacy endpoint at week 24.

A meta-analysis of patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease (MMSE total scores < 20) from the six phase III, placebo-controlled, 6-month studies (including monotherapy studies and studies with patients on a stable dose of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) showed that there was a statistically significant effect in favour of memantine treatment for the cognitive, global, and functional domains.
When patients were identified with concurrent worsening in all three domains, results showed a statistically significant effect of memantine in preventing worsening, as twice as many placebo-treated patients as memantine-treated patients showed worsening in all three domains (21% vs. 11%, p<0.0001).

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Psychoanaleptics. Other Anti-dementia drugs, ATC code: N06DX01.

There is increasing evidence that malfunctioning of glutamatergic neurotransmission, in particular at NMDA-receptors, contributes to both expression of symptoms and disease progression in neurodegenerative dementia.

Memantine is a voltage-dependent, moderate-affinity uncompetitive NMDA-receptor antagonist. It modulates the effects of pathologically elevated tonic levels of glutamate that may lead to neuronal dysfunction.

Clinical studies
A pivotal monotherapy study in a population of patients suffering from moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease (mini mental state examination (MMSE) total scores at baseline of 3 - 14) included a total of 252 outpatients. The study showed beneficial effects of memantine treatment in comparison to placebo at 6 months (observed cases analysis for the clinician’s interview based impression of change (CIBIC-plus): p=0.025; Alzheimer’s disease cooperative study – activities of the daily living (ADCS-ADLsev): p=0.003; severe impairment battery (SIB): p=0.002).

A pivotal monotherapy study of memantine in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (MMSE total scores at baseline of 10 to 22) included 403 patients. Memantine-treated patients showed

a statistically significantly better effect than placebo-treated patients on the primary endpoints:
Alzheimer’s disease assessment scale (ADAS-cog) (p=0.003) and CIBIC-plus (p=0.004) at week 24 (last observation carried forward (LOCF)). In another monotherapy study in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease a total of 470 patients (MMSE total scores at baseline of 11-23) were randomised.
In the prospectively defined primary analysis statistical significance was not reached at the primary efficacy endpoint at week 24.

A meta-analysis of patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease (MMSE total scores < 20) from the six phase III, placebo-controlled, 6-month studies (including monotherapy studies and studies with patients on a stable dose of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) showed that there was a statistically significant effect in favour of memantine treatment for the cognitive, global, and functional domains.
When patients were identified with concurrent worsening in all three domains, results showed a statistically significant effect of memantine in preventing worsening, as twice as many placebo-treated patients as memantine-treated patients showed worsening in all three domains (21% vs. 11%, p<0.0001).

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Psychoanaleptics. Other Anti-dementia drugs, ATC code: N06DX01.

There is increasing evidence that malfunctioning of glutamatergic neurotransmission, in particular at NMDA-receptors, contributes to both expression of symptoms and disease progression in neurodegenerative dementia.

Memantine is a voltage-dependent, moderate-affinity uncompetitive NMDA-receptor antagonist. It modulates the effects of pathologically elevated tonic levels of glutamate that may lead to neuronal dysfunction.

Clinical studies
A pivotal monotherapy study in a population of patients suffering from moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease (mini mental state examination (MMSE) total scores at baseline of 3 - 14) included a total of 252 outpatients. The study showed beneficial effects of memantine treatment in comparison to placebo at 6 months (observed cases analysis for the clinician’s interview based impression of change (CIBIC-plus): p=0.025; Alzheimer’s disease cooperative study – activities of daily living (ADCS-ADLsev): p=0.003; severe impairment battery (SIB): p=0.002).

A pivotal monotherapy study of memantine in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (MMSE total scores at baseline of 10 to 22) included 403 patients. Memantine-treated patients showed a statistically significantly better effect than placebo-treated patients on the primary endpoints:

Alzheimer’s disease assessment scale (ADAS-cog) (p=0.003) and CIBIC-plus (p=0.004) at week 24 last observation carried forward (LOCF). In another monotherapy study in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease a total of 470 patients (MMSE total scores at baseline of 11-23) were randomised.
In the prospectively defined primary analysis statistical significance was not reached at the primary efficacy endpoint at week 24.

A meta-analysis of patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease (MMSE total scores < 20) from the six phase III, placebo-controlled, 6-month studies (including monotherapy studies and studies with patients on a stable dose of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) showed that there was a statistically significant effect in favour of memantine treatment for the cognitive, global, and functional domains.
When patients were identified with concurrent worsening in all three domains, results showed a statistically significant effect of memantine in preventing worsening, as twice as many placebo-treated patients as memantine-treated patients showed worsening in all three domains (21% vs. 11%, p<0.0001).

Absorption
Memantine has an absolute bioavailability of approximately 100%. Tmax is between 3 and 8 hours.
There is no indication that food influences the absorption of memantine.

Distribution
Daily doses of 20 mg lead to steady-state plasma concentrations of memantine ranging from 70 to 150 ng/ml (0.5 - 1 µmol) with large interindividual variations. When daily doses of 5 to 30 mg were administered, a mean cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/serum ratio of 0.52 was calculated. The volume of distribution is around 10 l/kg. About 45% of memantine is bound to plasma-proteins.

Biotransformation
In man, about 80% of the circulating memantine-related material is present as the parent compound.
Main human metabolites are N-3,5-dimethyl-gludantan, the isomeric mixture of 4- and 6-hydroxy- memantine, and 1-nitroso-3,5-dimethyl-adamantane. None of these metabolites exhibit NMDA- antagonistic activity. No cytochrome P 450 catalysed metabolism has been detected in vitro.

In a study using orally administered 14C-memantine, a mean of 84% of the dose was recovered within 20 days, more than 99% being excreted renally.

Elimination
Memantine is eliminated in a monoexponential manner with a terminal t½ of 60 to 100 hours. In volunteers with normal kidney function, total clearance (Cltot) amounts to 170 ml/min/1.73 m² and part of total renal clearance is achieved by tubular secretion.

Renal handling also involves tubular reabsorption, probably mediated by cation transport proteins. The renal elimination rate of memantine under alkaline urine conditions may be reduced by a factor of 7 to 9 (see section 4.4). Alkalisation of urine may result from drastic changes in diet, e.g. from a carnivore to a vegetarian diet, or from the massive ingestion of alkalising gastric buffers.

Linearity
Studies in volunteers have demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics in the dose range of 10 to 40 mg.

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship