International expert panel’s potentially inappropriate prescribing cascades (PIPC) list
International Delphi panel (Rochon, O'Mahony, Cherubini, Onder, Petrovic et al.; EuGMS) · 2025 · Europe
Source and licence
- Authors
- Paula A Rochon, Denis O’Mahony, Antonio Cherubini et al.
- Title
- International expert panel’s potentially inappropriate prescribing cascades (PIPC) list
- Journal
- European Geriatric Medicine, 2025
- Licence
- CC BY 4.0
- Changes
- Verbatim excerpts; formatting adapted
Full text retrieved 2026-10-27 from Europe PMC · PMC12712104
Licence statement of the original publication
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Abstract
Purpose: Prescribing cascades contribute to potentially inappropriate prescribing, especially among older adults. With the prescribing cascade framework maturation, it is important to distinguish potentially inappropriate from potentially appropriate prescribing cascades. The objective was to create a comprehensive consensus list of Potentially Inappropriate Prescribing Cascades (PIPCs).
Methods: A prescribing cascade inventory was compiled using published lists. An international panel of 12 experts in geriatric medicine and pharmacology was selected. Panelists participated in a Delphi consensus process completing two questionnaire rounds and one discussion round.
Results: A total of 107 proposed prescribing cascades were identified. After Questionnaire Round 1, 56 prescribing cascades achieved a rating of agree or strongly agree by ≥ 75% of the panelists and were included in the PIPC list. For 32 of the 107 proposed cascades, 50–74% of panelists provided a rating of agree or strongly agree, and were moved to Round 2. In Questionnaire Round 2, 9 of 32 proposed cascades achieved a rating of agree or strongly agree by ≥ 75% of panelists and were included in the final PIPC list. For 14 prescribing cascades, 50–74% of panelists provided a rating of agree or strongly agree, and were included in the Discussion Round. After discussion, no additional prescribing cascades were included.
Conclusion: An explicit list of 65 PIPCs was created using a rigorous Delphi consensus process conducted by international experts on pharmacotherapy for older adults. The PIPC list provides a crucial tool for clinicians and researchers to detect potentially inappropriate prescribing patterns and to foster efforts to improve medication safety.
Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41999-025-01215-x.
Contents of the original publication
The section headings of the original.
- Introduction
- Methods
- Selection and identification of the study conveners and expert Delphi panel members
- Defining a PIPC
- Results
- Questionnaire Round 1
- Questionnaire Round 2
- Discussion Round
- Final list of PIPCs
- Discussion
- Limitations
- Implications
- Conclusions
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