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Home blood pressure monitoring: methodology, clinical relevance and practical application: a 2021 position paper by the Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability of the European Society of Hypertension

ESH · 2021 · Europe

Source and licence

Authors
Gianfranco Parati, George S Stergiou, Grzegorz Bilo et al.
Title
Home blood pressure monitoring: methodology, clinical relevance and practical application: a 2021 position paper by the Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability of the European Society of Hypertension
Journal
Journal of Hypertension, 2021
DOI
10.1097/HJH.0000000000002922
Licence
CC BY 4.0
Changes
Verbatim excerpts; formatting adapted

Full text retrieved 2026-10-27 from Europe PMC · PMC9904446

Licence statement of the original publication

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

This page reproduces excerpts of the original publication; the original is authoritative. It has not been reviewed by a physician, does not state a recommendation of Medelix and does not replace medical advice. The guideline may have been updated since.

Open the original publication →Full text on Europe PMC

Recommendations

We found no explicitly labelled recommendations in this publication; its recommendations are in the running text of the original.

Abstract

The present paper provides an update of previous recommendations on Home Blood Pressure Monitoring from the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability sequentially published in years 2000, 2008 and 2010. This update has taken into account new evidence in this field, including a recent statement by the American Heart association, as well as technological developments, which have occurred over the past 20 years. The present document has been developed by the same ESH Working Group with inputs from an international team of experts, and has been endorsed by the ESH.

Contents of the original publication

The section headings of the original.

  • INTRODUCTION
  • PURPOSE AND SCOPE
  • WHAT IS NEW IN THE 2021 POSITION PAPER
  • METHODOLOGY OF THE POSITION PAPER
  • DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY: WHAT IS HBPM?
  • HBPM: ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
  • Reproducibility (Box 2) (more details in the online supplemental file S6.1)
  • Diagnostic ability (Box 3)
  • Prognostic value of HBPM
  • Improving adherence to treatment and BP control (Box 6)
  • Possible difficulties with HBPM use in clinical practice (Box 7)
  • TECHNOLOGY OF HBP MONITORS
  • Cuff-based devices
  • Cuffless devices (Box 12) (more details in the online supplemental file S7.2)
  • Telemonitoring of home BP (HBPT) values
  • CLINICAL APPLICATION OF HBPM IN HYPERTENSION MANAGEMENT
  • Optimal monitoring schedule (Box 15) (more details in the online supplemental file S8.1)
  • Diagnostic thresholds (Box 16)
  • Therapeutic targets and treatment titration (more details in the online supplemental file S8.3)
  • HOME vs. ABPM (more details in the online supplemental file S8.4)
  • SPECIAL CONDITIONS
  • HBPM in children and adolescents (Box 21)
  • HBPM in pregnancy (Box 22)
  • People with large arm circumference (Box 23)
  • Patients with chronic kidney disease (Box 24) (more details in the online supplemental file S9.5)
  • HBPM in patients with arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation) (Box 25)
  • NOCTURNAL HBPM (Box 26) (more details in the online supplemental file S10)
  • ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION (Box 27)
  • HOME BLOOD PRESSURE VARIABILITY (Box 28) (more details in the online supplemental file S12)
  • BARRIERS FOR CLINICAL USE, COST-EFFECTIVENESS AND PATIENTS’ PREFERENCE (Box 29)
  • Barriers for clinical use of HBPM (more details in the online supplemental file S13.1)
  • Cost-effectiveness of HBPM
  • Patients’ preference and healthcare provider concerns
  • HBPM IN CLINICAL RESEARCH (Box 30) (more details in the online supplemental files S6.1 and S14)
  • HBPM also allows for evaluation of drug-induced effects on BPV
  • REMAINING UNRESOLVED RESEARCH QUESTIONS
  • CONCLUSION

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