Australian guideline on prevention of foot ulceration: part of the 2021 Australian evidence-based guidelines for diabetes-related foot disease
Diabetes Feet Australia · 2022 · Australia
Source and licence
- Authors
- Michelle R. Kaminski, Jonathan Golledge, Joel W. J. Lasschuit et al.
- Title
- Australian guideline on prevention of foot ulceration: part of the 2021 Australian evidence-based guidelines for diabetes-related foot disease
- Journal
- Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 2022
- Licence
- CC BY 4.0
- Changes
- Verbatim excerpts; formatting adapted
Full text retrieved 2026-10-27 from Europe PMC · PMC9258081
Licence statement of the original publication
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This page reproduces excerpts of the original publication; the original is authoritative. It has not been reviewed by a physician, does not state a recommendation of Medelix and does not replace medical advice. The guideline may have been updated since.
Open the original publication →Full text on Europe PMC
Recommendations
Verbatim, with grade of recommendation or strength of consensus where given.
Recommendations
- Recommendation 1Examine a person with diabetes at very low risk of foot ulceration (IWGDF risk 0) annually for signs or symptoms of loss of protective sensation and peripheral artery disease, to determine if they are at increased risk for foot ulceration.GRADE strength of recommendation: Strong; Quality of evidence: Low
Summary of justification to adapt
- REGULARLY INSPECTING AND EXAMINING THE AT-RISK FOOT
Recommendations
- Recommendation 2Screen a person with diabetes at risk of foot ulceration (IWGDF risk 1–3) for: a history of foot ulceration or lower-extremity amputation; diagnosis of end-stage renal disease; presence or progression of foot deformity; limited joint mobility; abundant callus; and any pre-ulcerative sign on the foot. Repeat this screening once every 6–12 months for those classified as IWGDF risk 1, once every 3–6 months for IWGDF risk 2, and once every 1–3 months for IWGDF risk 3.Strong; Low
Considerations for the Australian context: recommendations 1 and 2
- INSTRUCTIONS ON FOOT SELF-CARE
Recommendations
- Recommendation 3Instruct a person with diabetes who is at risk of foot ulceration (IWGDF risk 1–3) to protect their feet by not walking barefoot, in socks without shoes, or in thin-soled slippers, whether indoors or outdoors.Strong; Low
- Recommendation 4Instruct, and after that encourage and remind, a person with diabetes who is at risk of foot ulceration (IWGDF risk 1–3) to: inspect daily the entire surface of both feet and the inside of the shoes that will be worn; wash the feet daily (with careful drying, particularly between the toes); use emollients to lubricate dry skin; cut toe nails straight across; and, avoid using chemical agents or plasters or any other technique to remove callus or corns.Strong; Low
Summary of justification to adopt
- PROVIDING STRUCTURED EDUCATION ABOUT FOOT SELF-CARE
Recommendations
- Recommendation 5Provide structured education to a person with diabetes who is at risk of foot ulceration (IWGDF risk 1–3) about appropriate foot self-care for preventing a foot ulcer.Strong; Low
Considerations for the Australian context: recommendations 3, 4 and 5
- INSTRUCTIONS ABOUT FOOT SELF-MANAGEMENT
Recommendations
- Recommendation 6Consider instructing a person with diabetes who is at moderate or high risk of foot ulceration (IWGDF risk 2–3) to self-monitor foot skin temperatures once per day to identify any early signs of foot inflammation and help prevent a first or recurrent plantar foot ulcer. The implementation of this recommendation is contingent on validated, user-friendly and affordable systems becoming approved and available in Australia. If the temperature difference is above-threshold between similar regions in the two feet on two consecutive days, instruct the patient to reduce ambulatory activity and consult an adequately trained health care professional for further diagnosis and treatment.Weak; Moderate
Considerations for the Australian context
- ENSURING ROUTINE WEARING OF APPROPRIATE FOOTWEAR
Recommendations
- Recommendation 7Instruct a person with diabetes who is at moderate risk for foot ulceration (IWGDF risk 2) or who has healed from a non-plantar foot ulcer (IWGDF risk 3) to wear medical grade footwear that accommodates the shape of the feet and that fits properly, to reduce plantar pressure and help prevent a foot ulcer. When a foot deformity or a pre-ulcerative sign is present, consider prescribing custom-made footwear, custom-made foot orthoses, or toe orthoses.Strong; Low
- Recommendation 8Consider prescribing orthotic interventions, such as toe silicone or (semi-)rigid orthotic devices, to help reduce abundant callus in a person with diabetes who is at risk for foot ulceration (IWGDF risk 1–3).Weak; Low
- Recommendation 9In a person with diabetes who has a healed plantar foot ulcer (IWGDF risk 3), prescribe medical grade footwear that has a demonstrated plantar pressure relieving effect during walking, to help prevent a recurrent plantar foot ulcer; furthermore, encourage the patient to consistently wear this footwear.Strong; Moderate
Considerations for the Australian context: recommendations 7, 8 and 9
- TREATMENT OF RISK FACTORS OR PRE-ULCERATIVE SIGNS ON THE FOOT
Recommendations
- Recommendation 10Treat any pre-ulcerative sign or abundant callus on the foot, ingrown toenail, and fungal infection on the foot, to help prevent a foot ulcer in a person with diabetes who is at risk of foot ulceration (IWGDF risk 1–3).Strong; Low
- Recommendation 11In a person with diabetes and abundant callus consider digital flexor tendon tenotomy for preventing a first foot ulcer. Where there is an ulcer on the apex or distal part of a non-rigid hammertoe that has failed to heal with evidence-based non-surgical treatment, consider this procedure to help prevent future ulcer recurrence.Weak; Low
- Recommendation 12In a person with diabetes and a plantar forefoot ulcer that has failed to heal with evidence-based non-surgical treatment, consider Achilles tendon lengthening, single or pan metatarsal head resection, metatarsophalangeal joint arthroplasty or osteotomy, to help prevent future ulcer recurrence.Weak; Low
- Recommendation 13We suggest not to use a nerve decompression procedure, in preference to accepted standards of good quality care, to help prevent a foot ulcer in a person with diabetes who is at moderate or high risk of foot ulceration (IWGDF risk 2–3) and who is experiencing neuropathic pain.Weak; Low
Considerations for the Australian context: recommendations 11, 12 and 13
- FOOT-RELATED EXERCISES AND WEIGHT-BEARING ACTIVITY
Recommendations
- Recommendation 14Consider communicating to a person with diabetes who is at risk of foot ulceration (IWGDF risk 1–3) that any increase in weight-bearing activity should be gradual, ensuring appropriate footwear and/or prescribed offloading device(s) are worn, and that the skin is frequently monitored for pre-ulcerative signs or injury.Weak; Low
- Recommendation 15Provide integrated foot care for a person with diabetes who is at high risk of foot ulceration (IWGDF risk 3) to help prevent a recurrent foot ulcer. This integrated foot care includes professional foot care, adequate footwear, and structured education about self-care. Repeat this foot care or re-evaluate the need for it once every one to 3 months, as necessary.Strong; Low
Abstract
Background: There are no current Australian guidelines on the prevention of diabetes-related foot ulceration (DFU). A national expert panel aimed to systematically identify and adapt suitable international guidelines to the Australian context to create new Australian evidence-based guidelines on prevention of first-ever and/or recurrent DFU. These guidelines will include for the first-time considerations for rural and remote, and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
Methods: The National Health and Medical Research Council procedures were followed to adapt suitable international guidelines on DFU prevention to the Australian health context. This included a search of public databases after which the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) prevention guideline was deemed the most appropriate for adaptation. The 16 IWGDF prevention recommendations were assessed using the ADAPTE and GRADE systems to decide if they should be adopted, adapted or excluded for the new Australian guideline. The quality of evidence and strength of recommendation ratings were re-evaluated with reference to the Australian context. This guideline underwent public consultation, further revision, and approval by national peak bodies.
Results: Of the 16 original IWGDF prevention recommendations, nine were adopted, six were adapted and one was excluded. It is recommended that all people at increased risk of DFU are assessed at intervals corresponding to the IWGDF risk ratings. For those at increased risk, structured education about appropriate foot protection, inspection, footwear, weight-bearing activities, and foot self-care is recommended. Prescription of orthotic interventions and/or medical grade footwear, providing integrated foot care, and self-monitoring of foot skin temperatures (contingent on validated, user-friendly and affordable systems becoming available in Australia) may also assist in preventing DFU. If the above recommended non-surgical treatment fails, the use of various surgical interventions for the prevention of DFU can be considered.
Conclusions: This new Australian evidence-based guideline on prevention of DFU, endorsed by 10 national peak bodies, provides specific recommendations for relevant health professionals and consumers in the Australian context to prevent DFU. Following these recommendations should achieve better DFU prevention outcomes in Australia.
Contents of the original publication
The section headings of the original.
- Background
- Methods
- Key steps
- Prevention guideline panel
- Population of interest
- Initial screening with ADAPTE
- Full assessment with GRADE evidence to decision
- Decision to adopt, adapt or exclude
- Clinical pathway development
- Public consultation and peak body endorsement
- Results
- Recommendations
- Recommendation 1
- Rationale
- Summary of justification to adapt
- Recommendation 2
- Rationale
- Summary of justification to adapt
- Considerations for the Australian context: recommendations 1 and 2
- Recommendation 3
- Rationale
- Summary of justification to adopt
- Recommendation 4
- Rationale
- Summary of justification to adopt
- Recommendation 5
- Rationale
- Summary of justification to adopt
- Considerations for the Australian context: recommendations 3, 4 and 5
- Recommendation 6
- Rationale
- Summary of justification to adapt
- Considerations for the Australian context
- Recommendation 7
- Rationale
- Summary of justification to adopt
- Recommendation 8
- Rationale
- Summary of justification to adopt
- Recommendation 9
- Rationale
- Summary of justification to adopt
- Considerations for the Australian context: recommendations 7, 8 and 9
- Recommendation 10
- Rationale
- Summary of justification to adopt
- Considerations for the Australian context
- Recommendation 11
- Rationale
- Summary of justification to adapt
- Recommendation 12
- Rationale
- Summary of justification to adapt
- Recommendation 13
- Rationale
- Summary of justification to adopt
- Considerations for the Australian context: recommendations 11, 12 and 13
- Original IWGDF recommendation
- Rationale
- Summary of justification to exclude
- Considerations for the Australian context
- Recommendation 14
- Rationale
- Summary justification to adapt
- Considerations for the Australian context
- Recommendation 15
- Rationale
- Summary of justification to adopt
- Considerations for the Australian context
- Discussion
- Key findings and recommendations
- Clinical implementation and considerations for the Australian context
- Limitations
- Strengths
- Future research directions summary
- Conclusion
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