Metoclopramid: Fachinformation – Dosierung, Gegenanzeigen, Wechselwirkungen, Nebenwirkungen

Tablets:

• •5 mg metoclopramide: green, elliptical-shaped, debossed “REGLAN” over “5” on one side and “ANI” on the opposite side
• •10 mg metoclopramide: white, double edge scored, capsule-shaped, debossed “REGLAN” on one side and “ANI 10” on the opposite side

The following adverse reactions are described, or described in greater detail, in other sections of the labeling:

• •Tardive dyskinesia [see Boxed Warning and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]
• •Other extrapyramidal symptoms [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]
• •Neuroleptic malignant syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]
• •Depression [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]
• •Hypertension [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]
• •Fluid retention [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]
• •Hyperprolactinemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)]
• •Effects on the ability to drive and operate machinery [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)]

The following adverse reactions have been identified from clinical studies or postmarketing reports of metoclopramide. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

The most common adverse reactions (in approximately 10% of patients receiving 10 mg of metoclopramide four times daily) were restlessness, drowsiness, fatigue, and lassitude. In general, the incidence of adverse reactions correlated with the dosage and duration of metoclopramide administration.

Adverse reactions, especially those involving the nervous system, occurred after stopping metoclopramide including dizziness, nervousness, and headaches.

Central Nervous System Disorders

• •Tardive dyskinesia, acute dystonic reactions, drug-induced parkinsonism, akathisia, and other extrapyramidal symptoms
• •Convulsive seizures
• •Hallucinations
• •Restlessness, drowsiness, fatigue, and lassitude occurred in approximately 10% of patients who received 10 mg four times daily. Insomnia, headache, confusion, dizziness, or depression with suicidal ideation occurred less frequently.
• •Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, serotonin syndrome (in combination with serotonergic agents).

Endocrine Disorders: Fluid retention secondary to transient elevation of aldosterone. Galactorrhea, amenorrhea, gynecomastia, impotence secondary to hyperprolactinemia

Cardiovascular Disorders: Acute congestive heart failure, possible atrioventricular block, hypotension, hypertension, supraventricular tachycardia, bradycardia, fluid retention

Gastrointestinal Disorders: Nausea, bowel disturbances (primarily diarrhea)

Hepatic Disorders: Hepatotoxicity, characterized by, e.g., jaundice and altered liver function tests, when metoclopramide was administered with other drugs with known hepatotoxic potential

Renal and Urinary Disorders: Urinary frequency, urinary incontinence

Hematologic Disorders: Agranulocytosis, neutropenia, leukopenia, methemoglobinemia, sulfhemoglobinemia

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Bronchospasm (especially in patients with a history of asthma), urticaria; rash; angioedema, including glossal or laryngeal edema

Eye Disorders: Visual disturbances

Metabolism Disorders: Porphyria

5.1 Tardive Dyskinesia

Metoclopramide, including metoclopramide tablets, can cause tardive dyskinesia (TD), a syndrome of potentially irreversible and disfiguring involuntary movements of the face or tongue, and sometimes of the trunk and/or extremities. Metoclopramide, including metoclopramide tablets, may also suppress, or partially suppress, the signs of TD, and may delay the diagnosis of TD because it may mask the underlying disease process. The effect of this symptomatic suppression upon the long-term course of TD is unknown. TD may remit, partially or completely, if metoclopramide tablet treatment is discontinued.

In patients treated with metoclopramide, including metoclopramide tablets, the risk of developing TD and the likelihood that TD will become irreversible increases with duration of treatment and total cumulative dosage. Additionally, the risk of developing TD is increased in elderly patients, especially in elderly women [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5)], and in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Prevention, Mitigation, and Monitoring for TD

• •Metoclopramide tablets are contraindicated in patients with a history of TD.
• •Avoid use of metoclopramide tablets in patients receiving concomitant antipsychotics due to the potential additive effects of TD [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].
• •Reduce the metoclopramide tablets dosage in the elderly [see Dosage and Administration (2.1, 2.2)].
• •Use metoclopramide tablets for the shortest duration of treatment and periodically reassess the need for continued treatment.
• •Immediately discontinue metoclopramide tablets in patients who develop signs and symptoms of TD.
• •In patients with symptomatic, documented gastroesophageal reflux, the maximum duration of treatment is 12 weeks [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)].
• •In patients with diabetic gastroparesis, avoid a total duration of treatment with metoclopramide products, including metoclopramide tablets, for longer than 12 weeks. If longer-term use is unavoidable, routinely monitor for signs and symptoms of TD.
• •If patients have continued TD symptoms, consider TD treatment.

5.2 Other Extrapyramidal Symptoms

In addition to TD, metoclopramide may cause other extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), parkinsonian symptoms, and motor restlessness. Advise patients to seek immediate medical attention if such symptoms occur and to discontinue metoclopramide tablets.

• •Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), such as acute dystonic reactions, occurred in patients treated with metoclopramide dosages of 30 mg to 40 mg daily. Such reactions occurred more frequently in adults less than 30 years of age and at higher than recommended dosages. EPS occurred more frequently in pediatric patients compared to adults (metoclopramide tablets are not approved for use in pediatric patients). Symptoms can occur in the first 24 to 48 hours after starting metoclopramide. Symptoms included involuntary movements of limbs and facial grimacing, torticollis, oculogyric crisis, rhythmic protrusion of tongue, bulbar type of speech, trismus, or dystonic reactions resembling tetanus. Rarely, dystonic reactions were present as stridor and dyspnea, possibly due to laryngospasm. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride or benztropine mesylate may be used to treat these adverse reactions. Avoid metoclopramide tablets in patients receiving other drugs that can cause EPS (e.g., antipsychotics).
• •Parkinsonian symptoms (bradykinesia, tremor, cogwheel rigidity, mask-like facies) have occurred after starting metoclopramide, more commonly within the first 6 months, but also after longer periods. Symptoms generally have subsided within 2 to 3 months after discontinuation of metoclopramide tablets. Avoid metoclopramide tablets in patients with Parkinson’s disease and other patients being treated with antiparkinsonian drugs due to potential exacerbation of symptoms. If treatment is unavoidable, use metoclopramide tablets for the shortest duration of treatment and periodically reassess the need for continued treatment. Routinely monitor for signs and symptoms of Parkinson’s disease [see Dosage and Administration (2.1, 2.2)].
• •Motor restlessness (akathisia) has developed and consisted of feelings of anxiety, agitation, jitteriness, and insomnia, as well as inability to sit still, pacing, and foot tapping. If symptoms resolve, consider restarting at a lower dosage.

5.3 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

Metoclopramide may cause a potentially fatal symptom complex called neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). NMS has been reported in association with metoclopramide overdosage and concomitant treatment with another drug associated with NMS. Avoid metoclopramide tablets in patients receiving other drugs associated with NMS, including typical and atypical antipsychotics.

Clinical manifestations of NMS include hyperpyrexia, muscle rigidity, altered mental status, and manifestations of autonomic instability (irregular pulse or blood pressure, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and cardiac arrhythmias). Additional signs may include elevated creatine phosphokinase, myoglobinuria (rhabdomyolysis), and acute renal failure. Patients with such symptoms should be evaluated immediately.

In the diagnostic evaluation, consider the presence of other serious medical conditions (e.g., pneumonia, systemic infection) and untreated or inadequately treated extrapyramidal signs and symptoms. Other important considerations in the differential diagnosis include central anticholinergic toxicity, heat stroke, malignant hyperthermia, drug fever, serotonin syndrome, and primary central nervous system pathology.

Management of NMS includes:

• •Immediate discontinuation of metoclopramide tablets and other drugs not essential to concurrent therapy [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].
• •Intensive symptomatic treatment and medical monitoring.
• •Treatment of any concomitant serious medical problems for which specific treatments are available.

5.4 Depression

Depression has occurred in metoclopramide-treated patients with and without a history of depression. Symptoms have included suicidal ideation and suicide. Avoid metoclopramide use in patients with a history of depression.

5.5 Hypertension

Metoclopramide may elevate blood pressure. In one study in hypertensive patients, intravenously administered metoclopramide was shown to release catecholamines; hence, avoid use in patients with hypertension or in patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].

There are also clinical reports of hypertensive crises in patients with undiagnosed pheochromocytoma. Metoclopramide tablets are contraindicated in patients with pheochromocytoma or other catecholamine-releasing paragangliomas [see Contraindications (4)]. Discontinue metoclopramide tablets in any patient with a rapid rise in blood pressure.

5.6 Fluid Retention

Because metoclopramide produces a transient increase in plasma aldosterone, patients with cirrhosis or congestive heart failure may be at risk of developing fluid retention and volume overload. Discontinue metoclopramide tablets if any of these adverse reactions occur.

5.7 Hyperprolactinemia

As with other dopamine D₂ receptor antagonists, metoclopramide elevates prolactin levels.

Hyperprolactinemia may suppress hypothalamic GnRH, resulting in reduced pituitary gonadotropin secretion. This, in turn, may inhibit reproductive function by impairing gonadal steroidogenesis in both female and male patients. Galactorrhea, amenorrhea, gynecomastia, and impotence have been reported with prolactin-elevating drugs, including metoclopramide.

Hyperprolactinemia may potentially stimulate prolactin-dependent breast cancer. However, some clinical studies and epidemiology studies have not shown an association between administration of dopamine D₂ receptor antagonists and tumorigenesis in humans [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].

5.8 Effects on the Ability to Drive and Operate Machinery

Metoclopramide may impair the mental and/or physical abilities required for the performance of hazardous tasks such as operating machinery or driving a motor vehicle. Concomitant use of central nervous system (CNS) depressants or drugs associated with EPS may increase this effect (e.g., alcohol, sedatives, hypnotics, opiates, and anxiolytics). Avoid metoclopramide or the interacting drug, depending on the importance of the drug to the patient [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].

7.1 Effects of Other Drugs on Metoclopramide

Table 3 displays the effects of other drugs on metoclopramide.

Table 3. Effects of Other Drugs on Metoclopramide

Antipsychotics
Clinical Impact | Potential for additive effects, including increased frequency and severity of tardive dyskinesia (TD), other extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS).
Intervention | Avoid concomitant use [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.2, 5.3)].
Strong CYP2D6 Inhibitors, not Included in Antipsychotic Category Above
Clinical Impact | Increased plasma concentrations of metoclopramide; risk of exacerbation of extrapyramidal symptoms [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Intervention | Reduce the metoclopramide dosage [see Dosage and Administration (2.1, 2.2)].
Examples | quinidine, bupropion, fluoxetine, and paroxetine
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Clinical Impact | Increased risk of hypertension [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].
Intervention | Avoid concomitant use.
Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants
Clinical Impact | Increased risk of CNS depression [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)].
Intervention | Avoid metoclopramide or the interacting drug, depending on the importance of the drug to the patient.
Examples | alcohol, sedatives, hypnotics, opiates and anxiolytics
Drugs that Impair Gastrointestinal Motility
Clinical Impact | Decreased systemic absorption of metoclopramide.
Intervention | Monitor for reduced therapeutic effect.
Examples | antiperistaltic antidiarrheal drugs, anticholinergic drugs, and opiates
Dopaminergic Agonists and Other Drugs that Increase Dopamine Concentrations
Clinical Impact | Decreased therapeutic effect of metoclopramide due to opposing effects on dopamine.
Intervention | Monitor for reduced therapeutic effect.
Examples | apomorphine, bromocriptine, cabergoline, levodopa, pramipexole, ropinirole, and rotigotine

7.2 Effects of Metoclopramide on Other Drugs

Table 4 displays the effects of Metoclopramide on other drugs.

Table 4. Effects of Metoclopramide on Other Drugs

Dopaminergic Agonists and Drugs Increasing Dopamine Concentrations
Clinical Impact | Opposing effects of metoclopramide and the interacting drug on dopamine. Potential exacerbation of symptoms (e.g., parkinsonian symptoms).
Intervention | Avoid concomitant use [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
Examples | Apomorphine, bromocriptine, cabergoline, levodopa, pramipexole, ropinirole, rotigotine
Succinylcholine, Mivacurium
Clinical Impact | Metoclopramide inhibits plasma cholinesterase leading to enhanced neuromuscular blockade.
Intervention | Monitor for signs and symptoms of prolonged neuromuscular blockade.
Drugs with Absorption Altered due to Increased Gastrointestinal Motility
Clinical Impact | The effect of metoclopramide on other drugs is variable. Increased gastrointestinal (GI) motility by metoclopramide may impact absorption of other drugs leading to decreased or increased drug exposure.
Intervention | Drugs with Decreased Absorption (e.g., digoxin, atovaquone, posaconazole oral suspension*, fosfomycin): Monitor for reduced therapeutic effect of the interacting drug. For digoxin monitor therapeutic drug concentrations and increase the digoxin dose as needed (see prescribing information for digoxin). Drugs with Increased Absorption (e.g., sirolimus, tacrolimus, cyclosporine): Monitor therapeutic drug concentrations and adjust the dose as needed. See prescribing information for the interacting drug.
Insulin
Clinical Impact | Increased GI motility by metoclopramide may increase delivery of food to the intestines and increase blood glucose.
Intervention | Monitor blood glucose and adjust insulin dosage regimen as needed.

* Interaction does not apply to posaconazole delayed-release tablets

8.1 Pregnancy

Risk Summary

Published studies, including retrospective cohort studies, national registry studies, and meta-analyses, do not report an increased risk of adverse pregnancy-related outcomes with use of metoclopramide during pregnancy.

There are potential risks to the neonate following exposure in utero to metoclopramide during delivery (see Clinical Considerations). In animal reproduction studies, no adverse developmental effects were observed with oral administration of metoclopramide to pregnant rats and rabbits at exposures about 6 and 12 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) (see Data).

The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defects, loss or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in the clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.

Clinical Considerations

Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions

Metoclopramide crosses the placental barrier and may cause extrapyramidal signs and methemoglobinemia in neonates with maternal administration during delivery. Monitor neonates for extrapyramidal signs [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.2), Use in Specific Populations (8.4)].

Data

Animal Data

Reproduction studies have been performed following administration of oral metoclopramide during organogenesis in pregnant rats at about 6 times the MRHD calculated on body surface area and in pregnant rabbits at about 12 times the MRHD calculated on body surface area. No evidence of adverse developmental effects due to metoclopramide were observed.

8.2 Lactation

Risk Summary

Limited published data report the presence of metoclopramide in human milk in variable amounts (see Data). Breastfed infants exposed to metoclopramide have experienced gastrointestinal adverse reactions, including intestinal discomfort and increased intestinal gas formation (see Clinical Considerations). Metoclopramide elevates prolactin levels [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)]; however, the published data are not adequate to support drug effects on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for metoclopramide tablets and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from metoclopramide or from the underlying maternal condition.

Clinical Considerations

Monitor breastfeeding neonates because metoclopramide may cause extrapyramidal signs (dystonias) and methemoglobinemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.2), Use in Specific Populations (8.4)].

Data

In published clinical studies, the estimated amount of metoclopramide received by the breastfed infant was less than 10% of the maternal weight-adjusted dose. In one study, the estimated daily amount of metoclopramide received by infants from breast milk ranged from 6 to 24 mcg/kg/day in early puerperium (3 to 9 days postpartum) and from 1 to 13 mcg/kg/day at 8 to 12 weeks postpartum.

8.4 Pediatric Use

Metoclopramide is not recommended for use in pediatric patients due to the risk of tardive dyskinesia (TD) and other extrapyramidal symptoms as well as the risk of methemoglobinemia in neonates. The safety and effectiveness of metoclopramide tablets in pediatric patients have not been established.

Dystonias and other extrapyramidal symptoms associated with metoclopramide are more common in pediatric patients than in adults [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.2)]. In addition, neonates have reduced levels of NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase, making them more susceptible to methemoglobinemia, a possible adverse reaction of metoclopramide use in neonates [see Use in Specific Populations (8.8)].

8.5 Geriatric Use

Metoclopramide is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions, including tardive dyskinesia (TD), may be greater in patients with impaired renal function [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function and may be more sensitive to the therapeutic or adverse effects of metoclopramide; therefore, consider a reduced dosage of metoclopramide tablets in elderly patients [see Boxed Warning, Dosage and Administration (2.1, 2.2), Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

8.6 Renal Impairment

The clearance of metoclopramide is decreased and the systemic exposure is increased in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment compared to patients with normal renal function, which may increase the risk of adverse reactions. Reduce the metoclopramide dosage in patients with moderate and severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than or equal to 60 mL/minute), including those receiving hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis [see Dosage and Administration (2.1, 2.2), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

8.7 Hepatic Impairment

Patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C) have reduced systemic metoclopramide clearance (by approximately 50%) compared to patients with normal hepatic function. The resulting increase in metoclopramide blood concentrations increases the risk of adverse reactions. There is no pharmacokinetic data in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B). Reduce the metoclopramide dosage in patients with moderate or severe (Child-Pugh B or C) hepatic impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2.1, 2.2)]. There is no dosage adjustment required for patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh A).

Metoclopramide, by producing a transient increase in plasma aldosterone, may increase the risk of fluid retention in patients with hepatic impairment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].

Monitor patients with hepatic impairment for the occurrence of fluid retention and volume overload.

8.8 NADH-Cytochrome b₅ Reductase Deficiency

Metoclopramide-treated patients with NADH-cytochrome b₅ reductase deficiency are at an increased risk of developing methemoglobinemia and/or sulfhemoglobinemia. For patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency with metoclopramide-induced methemoglobinemia, methylene blue treatment is not recommended. Methylene blue may cause hemolytic anemia in patients with G6PD deficiency, which may be fatal [see Overdosage (10)].

8.9 CYP2D6 Poor Metabolizers

Metoclopramide is a substrate of CYP2D6. The elimination of metoclopramide may be slowed in patients who are CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (compared to patients who are CYP2D6 intermediate, extensive, or ultra-rapid metabolizers); possibly increasing the risk of dystonic and other adverse reactions to metoclopramide tablets [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Reduce the metoclopramide dosage in patients who are poor CYP2D6 metabolizers [see Dosage and Administration (2.1, 2.2)].

Manifestations of metoclopramide overdosage included drowsiness, disorientation, extrapyramidal reactions, other adverse reactions associated with metoclopramide use (including, e.g., methemoglobinemia), and sometimes death. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) has been reported in association with metoclopramide overdose and concomitant treatment with another drug associated with NMS [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.2, 5.3)].

There are no specific antidotes for metoclopramide overdosage. If over-exposure occurs, call your Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222 for current information on the management of poisoning or overdosage .

Methemoglobinemia can be reversed by the intravenous administration of methylene blue. However, methylene blue may cause hemolytic anemia in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, which may be fatal.

Hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis do not remove significant amounts of metoclopramide.

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Metoclopramide stimulates motility of the upper gastrointestinal tract without stimulating gastric, biliary, or pancreatic secretions. The exact mechanism of action of metoclopramide in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux and acute and recurrent diabetic gastroparesis has not been fully established. It seems to sensitize tissues to the action of acetylcholine. The effect of metoclopramide on motility is not dependent on intact vagal innervation, but it can be abolished by anticholinergic drugs.

Metoclopramide increases the tone and amplitude of gastric (especially antral) contractions, relaxes the pyloric sphincter and the duodenal bulb, and increases peristalsis of the duodenum and jejunum resulting in accelerated gastric emptying and intestinal transit. It increases the resting tone of the lower esophageal sphincter. It has little, if any, effect on the motility of the colon or gallbladder.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

Gastroesophageal Reflux

In patients with gastroesophageal reflux and low lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP), single oral doses of metoclopramide produced dose-related increases in LESP. Effects began at about 5 mg and increased through 20 mg. The increase in LESP from a 5 mg dose lasted about 45 minutes and that of 20 mg lasted between 2 and 3 hours. Increased rate of stomach emptying was observed with single oral doses of 10 mg.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Relative to an intravenous dose of 20 mg, the absolute bioavailability of oral metoclopramide is 80% ± 15.5% as demonstrated in a crossover study of 18 subjects. Peak plasma concentrations occurred at about 1 to 2 hours after a single oral dose. Similar time to peak was observed after individual doses at steady state.

In a single dose study of 12 subjects, the area under the drug concentration-time curve increased linearly with doses from 20 to 100 mg (5 times the maximum recommended single dose). Peak concentrations increased linearly with dose; time to peak concentrations remained the same; whole body clearance was unchanged; and the elimination rate remained the same. The mean elimination half-life in subjects with normal renal function was 5 to 6 hours. Linear kinetic processes adequately describe the absorption and elimination of metoclopramide.

Distribution

Metoclopramide is not extensively bound to plasma proteins (about 30%). The whole body volume of distribution is high (about 3.5 L/kg), which suggests extensive distribution of drug to the tissues.

Elimination